Ned University Of Engineering And Technology

GREEN ENERGY SYSTEM

S.ZAIN M ABIDI (TEAM LEADER)
ALI SIDDIQUI
SAAD ASHRAF
HARRIS QURESHI

3/APRIL/2015

INDEX
Content                
1)	Preface
2)	Acknowledgement 
3)	1.0 introduction
4)	1.1 Initial Need Statement
5)	2.0 Initial Customer Need list
6)	3.0 Revised Need Statement and Target Specifications
7)	4.0 External Search
8)	4.1 Benchmarking
9)	5.0 Concept Generation
10)	5.1 Problem Clarification
11)	5.2 Concept Generation
12)	6.0 Concept Selection
13)	6.1 Data and Calculations for Feasibility and Effectiveness Analysis
14)	7.0 SERVO CONTROL THROUGH ARDUINO
15)	8.0 Advantages of Solar Energy
16)	8.1 No greenhouse gases
17)	8.2 Ongoing Free Energy
18)	8.3 Decentralization of power
19)	8.4 Going off the grid with solar
20)	8.5 Solar jobs
21)	8.6 Solar’s avoidance of politics and price volatility
22)	8.7 Saving eco-systems and livelihoods
23)	9.0 Disadvantages of Solar Energy
24)	9.1 Solar doesn’t work at night
25)	9.2 Solar Inefficiency
26)	9.3 Storing Solar
27)	9.4 Solar panels are bulky	
28)	9.5 One of the biggest disadvantages of solar energy – COST
29)	10.0 INNOVATIONS THAT CAN BE MADE TO THE DESIGN
30)	11.0 CONCLUSION

PREFACE
Food engineering surely is a field for people who can really bring a difference in lives of many , ideas revolve around us like bees .This entire project has been the perfect automation machine for people to make there very own perfect ratio mixtures of different fluids.One may notice a perceptible change in writing style.Most of the topics will give you the perfect idea of how this automation machine came into being.I assure you to go through this project thoroughly to know how this machine can be a piece of art for the future generations.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher SIR JAWWAD who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Green Energy Efficiency Systems, which also helped me and my team in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to him.
Secondly i would also like to thank my teachers and friends who helped us a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

1.0 introduction
The idea that we introduced today, is an old one off course Pakistan is the only country not going for this remarkable idea, i.e. of turning every single machinery in food industry to work on solar power. Cost effective plus not much of a difficult building design we developed a simple design to help people understand that food industries can work on solar power effectively, important points regarding the project.
•	Solar energy : World is moving forward for a renewable energy design system , so more and more solar panels are used to develop MEGA WATTS of power to help different economic sectors.
•	Why is this important: In future, the human race will not be able to generate electricity with nonrenewable resources, so industries need designs that can work on simple solar panels and other renewable energy developing systems?
•	Objective: To develop designs working effectively on renewable energy systems, rather than nonrenewable energy systems.
1.1 Initial Need Statement
Apart from  different designs the first and foremost thing was the initial cost of the design that we had to work on , as things might not go out of a current team budget .Overall the entire design cost was almost about 5000 Pakistani rupees , which included wooden body ,DC motor ,wires , servo motors , microcontroller board ,solar panel (6 watts ,12 volts ) and simple electronic items ranging from push buttons and ON/OFF lights.
2.0 Initial Customer Need list
•	Cheap design 
•	Safe 
•	Easy to load 
•	Light
•	Last for a longer period of time
•	Strong mixing 
•	Water proof
•	Low noise output
•	No harmful emission

3.0 Revised Need Statement and Target Specifications
With cheap market rate and customers need, the design we fabricated, was made with simple yet effective components providing stability and performance simultaneously at one place. Starting cost for building this entire project came under 5000, with wood being the perfect light and safe body material, together with electronic components which were entirely water proof and giving low noise output, the solar panel giving a long lasting DC supply without any harmful emission, this perfect design was made with 100% customer satisfaction.

4.0 External Search
Many components specification were found on the internet, with professional help from blogs and websites for example the DC motor was found from
http://www.allelectronics.com/make-a-store/item/dcm-375/12-30-vdc-motor/1.html
The dc motor was a small yet powerful, device used in this project with high torque, used for mixing purposes. Operating at 12 -30 volts DC supply.
The other most important thing was the solar panel used for recharging purpose in the design.
http://www.solarpanelinfo.com/  for general info on solar panels, by using a panel rated at 12 volts and 6 watt. The panel was capable of charging DC lead acid battery easily.
Servo motors information was gathered from 
www.hobbyparts.com
Clearly these websites played the most important role for giving us the idea of solar panels and motors for making the main control system of the design.

4.1 Benchmarking
The parts used in this design were available easily .The machines and body parts were all purchased from different wood and furniture stores and, electronic items were purchased from the internet and different shops in Karachi.

5.0 Concept Generation
Adobe sketch-up pro was used to design the body of the system with accurate measurments,apart from using AutoCAD, with 2d drawings of the system and brainstorming new ideas, the team worked on aesthetics and different models of the system to make it  an efficient design .
   Fig.5.0-1 Sketch
  Fig. 5.0-2 Isometric view          
        Fig. 5.0-3 Top View   Fig. 5-3 Front view

5.1 Problem Clarification
The main problem in this project was to design the controller valve, to control the water flow automatically through servo motors (controlled by Arduino board).The design was made through water bottle caps and the force from the servos was used to control the water flowing in and out of the valve.
Fig.5.1-1 (Controller valve) 

5.2 Concept Generation
The first and foremost task was to design a body to perfectly handle the weight of the bottle holding the fluids. The length and breadth of the system we designed on the wooden board was about 30 cm in length and 40cm in height .The bottles were connected to 2 pipes of same length and volume to allow same amount of water to flow in the beaker for mixing .The second most important task was to design the valves which will control the flow, as in this size there were no electronic or mechanical valves available to use so a perfect motor (microcontroller based valve was to be designed. The valves were the most difficult part of this project, but were completed with perfect finishing. The last thing was the panel which will control the automatic mixing of the fluids in the beaker, allowing only a certain ratio to flow in the beaker and mixing it completely without any inaccuracy.

6.0 Concept Selection
6.1 Data and Calculations for Feasibility and Effectiveness Analysis
Component cost
•	DC motor (High torque) ...........................................................200rs
•	Servo motors.............................................................................900rs
Fig.6.1-1 (Servo motor)
•	Solar panel. .............................................................................1000rs
  Fig.6.1-2 (Solar panel)
•	Wooden board ........................................................................3000rs
•	Pipes..........................................................................................100rs
•	Electronic items.........................................................................500rs

•	Arduino board..........................................................................1000rs
Fig.6.1-3 (Arduino board)
•	Battery(12 volts/4.5 amps)........................................................800rs

TOTAL = 7500 RS TOTAL PRICE
The output we achieved by using high torque motor as compared to an AC powered motor was phenomenal .This is the best alternative to an AC motor.
7.0 SERVO CONTROL THROUGH ARDUINO

Fig.7.0-1 (SERVO CONTROL THROUGH ARDUINO)

Through Arduino the rotation of the servos was controlled from 0 to 90 degree, to control the opening and closing of valve.

PROGRAM:
#include <Servo.h> 
 Servo myservo;
Servo oneservo;     // create servo object to control a servo 
                     // a maximum of eight servo objects can be created 
 
int pos = 0;         // variable to store the servo position 
 int po = 0;
void setup() 
{ 
  myservo.attach(9);  // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object 
  for(pos = 0; pos < 180; pos += 5)  // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees 
  {                                  // in steps of 1 degree 
    myservo.write(pos);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' 
    delay(20);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position 
  } 
  delay(2000);
  for(pos = 180; pos>=1; pos-=10)     // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees 
  {                                
    myservo.write(pos);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' 
    delay(20);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position 
  } 
  delay(2000);
 oneservo.attach(10);      // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object 
  for(po = 0; po < 180; po += 5)    // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees 
  {                                  // in steps of 1 degree 
   oneservo.write(po);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' 
    delay(20);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position 
  } 
  delay(2000);
  for(po = 180; po>=1; po-=10)       // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees 
  {                                
    oneservo.write(po);                // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' 
    delay(20);                         // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position 
  } 
  delay(2000);
} 
 
 void loop() 
{ 
  /*for(pos = 0; pos < 180; pos += 5)  // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees 
  {                                    // in steps of 1 degree 
    myservo.write(pos);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' 
    delay(20);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position 
  } 
  delay(2000);
  for(pos = 180; pos>=1; pos-=5)     // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees 
  {                                
    myservo.write(pos);              // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos' 
    delay(20);                       // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position 
  } 
  delay(2000);*/
}

8.0 Advantages of Solar Energy
8.1 No greenhouse gases
 Fig.8.1-1 (No greenhouse gases)
The major benefit of solar is avoiding greenhouse gases that fossil fuels produce.
The first and foremost advantage of solar energy is that, beyond panel production, it does not emit any greenhouse gases.
Solar energy is produced by conducting the sun’s radiation – a process void of any smoke, gas, or other chemical by-product.
This is the main driving force behind all green energy technology, as nations attempt to meet climate change obligations in curbing emissions.
Italy’s Montalto di Castro solar park is a good example of soar’s contribution to curbing emissions. It avoids 20,000 tonnes per year of carbon emissions compared to fossil fuel energy production.

8.2 Ongoing Free Energy
Another advantage of using solar energy is that beyond initial installation and maintenance, solar energy is free.
Solar doesn’t require expensive and ongoing raw materials like oil or coal, and requires significantly lower operational labor than conventional power production. Raw materials don’t have to be constantly extracted, refined, and transported to the power plant.
Life expectancy ranges between manufacturers, but many panels produced today carry a 25-30 year warranty – with a life expectancy of up to 40 years.

8.3 Decentralization of power
Solar energy offers decentralization in most (sunny) locations, meaning self-reliant societies.
Oil, coal, and gas used to produce conventional electricity are often transported cross-country or internationally. This transportation has a myriad of additional costs, including monetary costs, pollution costs of transport, and roading wear and tear costs, all of which is avoided with solar.
Of course, decentralization has its limits as some locations get more sunlight than others.
8.4 Going off the grid with solar
Fig.8.4-1
Solar Barn: Going off grid is a huge advantage of solar power for people in isolated locations.
Solar energy can be produced on or off the grid.
On grid means a house remains connected to the state electricity grid. Off grid has no connection to the electricity grid, so the house, business or whatever being powered is relying solely on solar or solar-hybrid.
The ability to produce electricity off the grid is a major advantage of solar energy for people who live in isolated and rural areas. Power prices and the cost of installing power lines are often exorbitantly high in these places and many have frequent power-cuts.
Many city-dwellers are also choosing to go off the grid with their alternate energy as part of a self-reliant lifestyle.
8.5 Solar jobs
A particularly relevant and advantageous feature of solar energy production is that it creates jobs.
The EIAA states that Europe’s solar industry has created 100,000 jobs so far.
Solar jobs come in many forms, from manufacturing, installing, monitoring and maintaining solar panels, to research and design, development, cultural integration, and policy jobs.
The book Natural Capitalism offers a good perspective on the employment potential of green design and a prudent approach to using resources.
The book proposes that while green technology and associated employment can be expensive, much greater money can be saved when combined with proven “whole-system” efficiency strategies (e.g. passive lighting and airflow).
With solar energy currently contributing only an estimated 4% of the world’s electricity, and an economic-model where raw materials don’t have to be indefinitely purchased and transported, it’s reasonable to assume solar jobs are sustainable if the solar industry can survive the recession.
8.6 Solar’s avoidance of politics and price volatility
One of the biggest advantages of solar energy is the ability to avoid the politics and price volatility that is increasingly characterizing fossil fuel markets.
The sun is an unlimited commodity that can be sourced from many locations, meaning solar is less vulnerable to the price manipulations and politics that have more than doubled the price of many fossil fuels in the past decade.
While the price of fossil fuels have increased, the per watt price of solar energy production has more than halved in the past decade – and is set to become even cheaper in the near future as better technology and economies of scale take effect.
Furthermore, the ever-abundant nature of the sun’s energy would hint at a democratic and competitive energy market – where wars aren’t fought over oil fields and high-demand raw materials aren’t controlled by monopolies.
Of course, a new form of politics has emerged with regard to government incentives and the adoption of solar, however these politics are arguably minor compared to the fossil fuel status.

8.7 Saving eco-systems and livelihoods
Because solar doesn’t rely on constantly mining raw materials, it doesn’t result in the destruction of forests and eco-systems that occurs with many fossil fuel operations.
Destruction can come in many forms, from destruction through accepted extraction methods, to more irresponsible practices in vulnerable areas, to accidents.
Major examples include Canada’s tar sands mining which involves the systematic destruction of the Boreal Forest (which accounts for 25% of the world’s intact forest land), and creates large toxic by-product ponds [1].
The Niger Delta is an example where excessive and irresponsible oil extraction practices have poisoned fishing deltas previously used by villagers as the main source of food and employment, creating extremely desperate poverty and essentially decimating villages [2].
A more widely known, but arguably lower human-cost incident is the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It killed 11 people and spilled 780 thousand cubic meters of crude oil into the sea.
9.0 Disadvantages of Solar Energy
9.1 Solar doesn’t work at night
The biggest disadvantage of solar energy is that it’s not constant. To produce solar electricity there must be sunlight. So energy must be stored or sourced elsewhere at night.
Beyond daily fluctuations, solar production decreases over winter months when there are less sunlight hours and sun radiation is less intense.
9.2 Solar Inefficiency
A very common criticism is that solar energy production is relatively inefficient.
Currently, widespread solar panel efficiency – how much of the sun’s energy a solar panel can convert into electrical energy – is at around 22%. This means that a fairly vast amount of surface area is required to produce adequate electricity.
However, efficiency has developed dramatically over the last five years, and solar panel efficiency should continue to rise steadily over the next five years.
For the moment though, low efficiency is a relevant disadvantage of solar.
Solar inefficiency is an interesting argument, as efficiency is relative. One could ask “inefficient compared to what?” And “What determines efficiency?” Solar panels currently only have a radiation efficiency of up to 22%, however they don’t create the carbon by-product that coal produces and doesn’t require constant extraction, refinement, and transportation – all of which surely carry weight on efficiency scales.
9.3 Storing Solar
Solar electricity storage technology has not reached its potential yet.
While there are many solar drip feed batteries available, these are currently costly and bulky, and more appropriate to small scale home solar panels than large solar farms.
9.4 Solar panels are bulky	
Solar panels are bulky. This is particularly true of the higher-efficiency, traditional silicon crystalline wafer solar modules. These are the large solar panels that are covered in glass.
New technology thin-film solar modules are much less bulky, and have recently been developed as applications such as solar roof tiles and “amorphous” flexible solar modules. The downfall is that thin-film is currently less efficient than crystalline wafer solar.
9.5 One of the biggest disadvantages of solar energy – COST
The main hindrance to solar energy going widespread is the cost of installing solar panels. Capital costs for installing a home solar system or building a solar farm are high.
Particularly obstructive is the fact that installing solar panels has large upfront costs – after which the energy trickles in for free.
Imagine having to pay upfront today for your next 30 years worth of power.
That’s an incredibly disadvantageous feature of solar energy production, particularly during a time of recession.
Currently a mega watt hour of solar energy costs well over double a mega watt hour of conventional electricity (exact costs vary dramatically depending on location).
All is not lost though – nuclear is a good example (economically) of energy production that was initially incredibly expensive, but became more feasible when appropriate energy subsidies were put in place.

10.0 INNOVATIONS THAT CAN BE MADE TO THE DESIGN
•	We can use a conveyer belt for the beaker or containers to move time by time.
•	A mechanical control can be used to move the motor upwards and downwards.
•	We can use more than 2 components for mixing in different ratios.
•	We can use a larger solar panel for high ampere generation , for better charging and discharging.
•	We can do different processes like centrifugation ,crushing  and heating automatically.
•	We can use a feed back system for completing the same task with different ratios.
•	We can use larger survos for controlling  timing control.
•	We can give a input panel for perfect automation , which can be done by the user.
•	Ac power circuitry can be added for Ac charging.
•	We can use different blades for solid and liquid mixing.

11.0 CONCLUSION:
This project is one of the best ways to turn the entire system involving electrical equipment’s in to a sustainable and efficient system, which can be used in industries without using any AC power supply .The total cost for this project came under 7000 rupees approx. It saves a monthly billing expense of about 1500 as it saves energy and it gives us a good output, now think for a moment a small machine doing a task which was an AC machine task to do, with the same speed plus taking no electricity from power lines, and at the same time mixing stuff in 2 different ratios automatically.